Computer Networks Basics and Network Topology

1. Computer Network is for aiding ‘Data Communication’, i.e., sending and receiving of data between terminals situated at different places.

2. There are 3 types of ‘Transmission Channels’, namely, Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex Channels.

3. A(sender) à B(receiver) : is the simplex channel, where data transmission is in one way direction. Here the receiver can not send any communication back to the sender via the same channel.

4. Half Duplex channel – where the transmission of data is from both ends, but at any particular time only one is happening, either incoming or outgoing transmission. The diagram bellow shows a gap in space between the sender and receiver messages, to denote the gap in time where at one time only one message (either form the sender or from the receiver) will get transmitted.

5. Full Duplex channel, is where the data gets transmitted in both directions at the same time, i.e., there is no time lag or delay in communication.

 

6. There are 4 main types of ‘Network Topology’, namely, Mesh, Star, Ring and Bus Network.

7. Topology means the arrangement of various components of a network (such as server/hubs/nodes/links/information flow channels etc.), and depicts the structure of a network.

8. The following diagrammatic representation is of ‘Mesh Networking’ – the small rectangular boxes are ‘Nodes’.

In mesh network, each node is independent, and is used for high traffic transmission through multiple available routes. This is a fully connected network, where each node in the network to the other.

As you can see in the diagram, each node is connect to the other four, which is why this type of network is highly reliable for data transmission as there are more than one route for transmission.

Plus is a particular route fails – then the transmission can automatically switch to other available routes and the transmission will be successfully completed.

9. In ‘Star Network’, there is a ‘Cental Node’, which is also called the ‘Hub’. For your easy understanding, think of hub as a Server and the other nodes attached to it are the client nodes.

The communication between the clients takes place through the server. A client (sender) send information to the hub, the hub then transmits the information to the client (receiver) for whom the information was meant to be transmitted.

In this type of network, if the transmission line between the hub and a node fails, then that node will become isolated from the network.

And if the central node fails, then the whole network fails!


10. In ‘Ring Network’ topology, each node is connected to two other nodes only.
 The data flow is usually one way in a ring network, and hence if any line/node fails then the entire network crumbles.

11. ‘Bus Network is the type of topology in which the nodes are connected by a single communication line. This single communication line is called a bus.

The bus networks are the simplest of networks, but it has a critical drawback. It can transmit from one node at a time, because of the single line of communication.

12. Node is a connection point where data transmission originates or ends.
 

13. Terminal is a computer network means a computer equipment, it could be anything – a computer, an ATM machine, the PNR and Train time requesting machines at railway stations.

14. Dumb Terminals are those terminals which cannot do any processing or storage of data. It is simply an input/output device wired into another computer. It takes the input, transmits the data to the computer (computers can process!) to which it is connected and then displays the output.

Examples: Like PNR status checking booth at Railway stations. They have a Cathode Ray Tube (Screen), a Keyboard, or screen with touch input and gives the output on the screen.

15. Intelligent Terminals is the kind of terminal which can do its own processing…which would mean it is fitted with a processor and has memory (storage) capacity and thus is actually a computer (but not the kind which looks like our PC!)

16. Smart Terminals have processing capacities and memory too, but lesser than intelligent terminals.

So the hierarchy would be (lowest to highest ) – Dumb – Smart – Intelligent Terminals.


There you go guys computer network and its absolute basics – hope this was helpful!

Database Mangement System

Data – is any input which has been processed. It can be in numeric, alphabetic or alphanumeric form. Try to imagine data as physical files…the kind of dusty files found in government offices.

This processed data (or dusty files) needs to be stored and kept somewhere, so that when we need them we can easily retrieve it.

But where do we keep it? How do we keep it?

Don’t worry; the computer experts have solved your problem by creating the ‘database’.
Database – is simply a ‘place’ where all the data are collected and stored in an organized manner.

Think of it as a collection of many steel racks, like the ones found in old government offices! All the files/data are kept according to their serial numbers/file/folder names (or any other identification style), and stored in the racks/database.

Management system – In government officers, there are peons who are responsible for keeping the files in the right place, bringing required files to the senior officers, putting it back again after updating the files etc., this is nothing but the system of file management in the office.

Similarly, in computer’s database, it’s ‘management system’ is doing the work of the peon; bring the required files, putting back in the right place, etc. but more efficiently than a peon and faster too!!

I really do hope some vapour-ish ideas are forming in your head about DBMS!

Thus, putting down all our ideas in definition form – DBMS is a software,
(i) which helps a user in creating a collection of records and information and storing them on the computer in a systematic way (database),
(ii) it also helps in organizing, sorting and retrieval of the records/information from the database, when required by the user, to help the user in decision making (management system).

Benefits of DBMS:-

1. Faster storage and retrieval time
2. Accessing data is easy and fast
3. Data integrity(credibility of the data) and security. In govt. offices, anyone can pick up any file! But DBMS requires password authorization to access important files.
4. Backups and recovery are possible only in digital world, hence today physical files are becoming extinct.

Points to remember in DBMS

1. In DBMS data are stored in relational model, using tables with rows and columns (remember the steel racks!).

2. There are two types of Data Manipulation Languages (DML), Structured Query Language (SQL) and Data Definition Language (DDL).

3. DML are computer languages also known as query language, it is used for accessing and working on the data.
   
   In other words, DML (SQL and DDL), are like the languages people use, Hindi or English, in an office to give orders to the peon!

4. Data redundancy – which means there are no duplications of data. No multiple files of the same kind.

5. Data dictionary – is like a normal dictionary, but containing metadata.

6. Metadata – contains information about all the data in the DBMS.

7. The Keys – Primary key is used to identify a particular or specific record (file). It is unique to a particular file.
   
   Foreign Key makes a connection between a component (field) in one table with a component identified by a primary key.

8. Relational database – is the kind of database model, where there are logical connections between the various files, which are kept in tables.
   
   For example: In the given diagram, the information is stored in tables (with rows and columns), in this particular case in two relational tables.
   Every column has a Field name (employee ID, first name, last name, e-mail ID, Department ID and Department name).
   The relation between the two tables is created by the field ‘Department ID’, which connects the Employees name/ID/e-mail to a particular Department like HR or software or accounts.
   
   This is relational database, where a relation is made between items of the database.
   
    
   

List of 50 Important Marketing Questions for SBI PO Exam Preparation

1).Which among the following represents an output from the marketing environment?
a) Information on shoppers’ attitudes purchased by Debenhams Department Stores
b) Nike’s television advertising campaign featuring a leading sports personality
c) Money borrowed by Liverpool F.C. to help finance its operations.
d) Steel purchased by Volvo to be used in producing cars
e) Mittal takeover Arcenal to become largest steel maker company
Answer is: B
2).Compaq Computers which collects information about political, legal, regulatory, societal,
economic, competitive and technological forces that may affect is marketing activities. This
process is called as______
a) Environmental scanning
b) Environmental analysis
c) Marketing information analysis
d) Survey of environment
e) None of these
Answer is: A
3).When Pepsi Co takes the information collected through research and attempts to assess
and interpret what it means for its soft drink marketing efforts, Pepsi Co is involved in
environmental_______.
a) planning
b) forces
c) management
d) scanning
e) analysis
Answer is: E
4).After Compaq Computers gathers information related to its marketing environmental, it
attempts to define current environmental changes and predicts future changes, allowing it to
determine possible opportunities and threats facing the company, this process are
called______.
a) Marketing information processing
b) Marketing planning
c) Survey of environment
d) Environmental analysis
e) Environmental scanning
Answer is: D
5).If cigarette manufacturers were to lobby Parliament to get restrictions on cigarette
advertising eased; their environmental response would best be described as______
a) dominant
b) conservative
c) proactive
d) reactive
e) passive
Answer is: C
6).Procompetitive legislation and _______________ are the two major categories of laws that
directly affect marketing practices.
a) Consumer protection legislation
b) Consumer price discrimination legislation
c) Trading standards legislation
d) Unfair trade practices laws
e) None of these
Answer is: A
7).If the National Association of Hoisery Manufacturers sets guidelines for its member firms to
follow regarding the use of unethical practices, it engaging in ________.
a) Trade restraint
b) Environmental scanning
c) Self-regulation
d) Lobbying
e) Legislation
Answer is: C
8).The consumer movement is________.
a) A social movement that is able to challenge big business practices
b) A movement that is trying to improve consumer satisfaction
c) Against foreign imports that are much cheaper than a products produced in the
home market
d) A diverse group of individuals, groups and organisations attempting to protect the
rights of consumers
e) None of these
Answer is: D
9).Lynx has demonstrated against the sale of coats made of animal furs. This group’s efforts to
change shoppers’ attitudes represent ___________ for fur retailers.
a) Self-regulation
b) An opportunity
c) A societal force
d) An economic force
e) A technological force
Answer is: C
10).The period in the business cycle in which there is extremely high unemployment, low
wages, minimum total disposable income, and a lack of confidence in the economy by
consumers is __________.
a) growth
b) recession
c) depression
d) recovery
e) prosperity
Answer is: C
11).Which products would probably see the smallest negative impact on sales in a period of
recession?
a) Sony television
b) Sunmed holidays
c) Kraft General Foods microwave popcorn
d) HP baked beans
e) Nike sportswear
Answer is: D
12).In terms of consumer demand and spending behavior, marketers are most interested in
___________.
a) High incomes
b) Pretax income
c) Disposable income
d) Wealth
e) Consumer credit
Answer is: C
13).Income left over after an individual pays taxes and purchases the basic necessities of food,
clothing and shelter is called________.
a) credit
b) taxable income
c) accounting income
d) discretionary income
e) disposable income
Answer is: D
14).By offering credit through its shops, allied, the furniture and carpet retailer, is trying to get
consumers to____
a) expand disposable income at the expense of discretionary income
b) decrease both disposable and discretionary income
c) expand current buying power at the expense of future buying power
d) expand discretionary income at the expense of disposable income
e) expand both disposable income and wealth
Answer is: C
15).Mixed concrete cannot be shipped further than 25 miles because the concrete might
harden in the truck. Antrim Country Company is the only supplier of mixed concrete within a 30
mile radius. Antrim Country Concrete Company is an example of ____________ competitive
structures.
a) Monopoly
b) Monopsony
c) Monopolistic Competition
d) Perfect Competition
e) Oligopoly
Answer is: A
16).A comprehensive spending pattern is ___________
a) Shows the percentages of annual family expenditures allotted to general classes of
goods and services
b) Is used to determine the precise buying power of individuals
c) Shows annual discretionary income of consumers
d) Indicates the annual amounts spend by families for specific products within a general
product class
e) None of these
Answer is: A
17).A spending pattern that indicates the annual amounts households spend for particular
products within a general product class is called_______.
a) A behavioral spending pattern
b) A product specific spending pattern
c) A consumer spending pattern
d) A comprehensive spending pattern
e) An average spending pattern
Answer is: B
18).What type of competitive structure exists when a few sellers control a large portion of the
supply of a product?
a) Monopolistic Competition
b) Oligopoly
c) Monopoly
d) Perfect Competition
e) Mixed Competition
Answer is: B
19).The type of competitive structure that exists when a firm with many potential competitors
attempts to develop a differential marketing strategy to establish its own market share is:
a) Perfect Competition
b) Oligopoly
c) Monopolistic Competition
d) Monopoly
e) None of these
Answer is: C
20).What is the name of the procedure used to predict the effects of new products and
processes on a firm or on society in general?
a) Technology Assessment
b) Social Audit
c) Environmental Assessment
d) Social Estimation
e) Environmental Scanning
Answer is: A
21).Which product is MOST likely being purchased through routine decision marketing?
a) Television set
b) Shirt
c) Desk
d) Soft drink
e) Car
Answer is: D
22).Alice plans to buy a new swimsuit for her spring break cruise. She has not seen this year’s
styles and will do some shopping around before making a purchase decision. Alice is engaging
in ___________.
a) Extensive decision making
b) Extensive response behavior
c) Limited decision making
d) Routine response behavior
e) None of these
Answer is: C
23).Susan has left her parents home and moved into a new flat. She is spending considerable
time and effort comparing the ranges of furniture in different retail stores. Which type of
decision-making process is she using?
a) Routine
b) Shopping
c) Extensive
d) Intensive
e) Selective
Answer is: C
24).If Kwik-Fit runs an ad asking customers to check windscreen wiper blades for wear, the
firm is attempting to stimulate which of the following?
a) Evaluation of alternatives
b) Evoked set formation
c) Information Search
d) Problem recognition
e) None of these
Answer is: D
25).As Bob runs out of shaving cream, he tries to remember what he did the last time this
happened. He is engaging in_________.
a) External search
b) Alternative evaluation
c) Internal search
d) Evoked set development
e) Cognitive dissonance
Answer is: C
26).Which is the major factors that used to divide markets into consumer markets or
organizational markets?
a) Buyer’s characteristics and the frequency of purchases.
b) Buyer characteristics and product characteristics.
c) Buyer characteristics and the purposes for which they buy products.
d) Product prices and buyer characteristics.
e) Buyer characteristics and size of purchases.
Answer is: C
27).Linda and George are caught up in the fitness craze and are looking for a health club to
join. This purchase is likely to be affected by ________ involvement.
a) perceived
b) evoked
c) enduring
d) internal
e) low
Answer is: C
28).The three major categories of influences that are believed to influence the consumer
buying decision process are personal, psychological and_________.
a) situational
b) social
c) person-specific
d) demographic
e) cultural
Answer is: B
29).Which among the following is considered a situational factor influencing the consumer
buying decision process?
a) Social class
b) Personality
c) A raise in pay
d) Culture
e) Family
Answer is: C
30).Shopping in her local Spar, Jim sees a new diet cola. He picks up a six-pack to take home
and try. This purchase is indicative of __________ decision making.
a) Low-involvement
b) situational
c) internal set
d) extensive
e) None of these
Answer is: A
31).Personality characteristics, perception, motives, ability, knowledge and attitudes
a) are extend force that affect the market
b) are external forces that affect consumers’ behavior
c) are psychological forces that may influence consumers’ behavior
d) can be measured accurately by marketers
e) operate independently of environmental influences
Answer is: C
32).Perception is a three-step process that involves _______.
a) Anticipating, classifying, and discarding information inputs.
b) Collecting, eliminating, and organizing information inputs.
c) Selecting, organizing, and interpreting information inputs.
d) Motivation, personality, and attitudes.
e) None of these
Answer is: C
33).Reading through a copy of loaded containing advertisements for sweaters form Ralph
Lauren, Levi Strauss jeans and tennis shoes from Adidas, Martin remembers only the shoe ad,
thanks to the recent tear in his Reebooks. Martin has engaged in selective:
a) reading
b) analysis
c) decision making
d) retention
e) distortion
Answer is: D
34).A change in an individual’s behavior prompted by information and experience is
called_________.
a) learning
b) motivation
c) inculturation
d) role selection
e) perception
Answer is: A
35).If a market researcher for Pot Noodles studies consumer motives by having subjects
complete bubble cartoons, the researcher is probably employing which motivation research
method?
a) Attitude scale
b) Patronage motivation technique
c) Projective technique
d) Group interview
e) Depth interview
Answer is: C
36).Attitude refers to ____________
a) competence and efficiency in performing activities
b) a set of actions that a person in a particular position is supposed to perform
c) the internal traits and behavior that makes a person unique
d) a person’s behavior caused by information and experience
e) one’s evaluation, feelings, and behavior tendencies towards an object or idea
Answer is: E
37).An attitude scale measures the______.
a) Intensity of a buyer’s desire for the product.
b) Amount of experience the buyer has had with the product.
c) Buyer’s level of information about a product.
d) Intensity of buyer’s feelings toward a certain object.
e) Strength of buyer’s need for a product.
Answer is: D
38).The set of actions and activities associated with each position one holds within a group,
organisation, institution constitutes _______.
a) perception
b) a role
c) a motive.
d) An attitude
e) Personality.
Answer is: B
39).A culture can be divided into subcultures according to which of the following?
a) the information to which consumers allow themselves to be exposed.
b) Geographic regions and income levels.
c) Geographic regions or human characteristics, such as age or ethnic background
d) The motive that people have for their behavior
e) Personality characteristics.
Answer is: C
40).Shortly after purchasing a product, the post purchase evaluation may result in cognitive
dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is best defined as _________.
a) The establishment of criteria for comparing products.
b) Satisfaction with the purchase.
c) The congruence between external and internal searches for product information.
d) Doubts that occur because the buyer questions whether the decision to purchase the
product was right.
e) None of these
Answer is: D
41).According to the text, a product is________
a) Everything the customer receives in an exchange.
b) The service is rendered to a customer.
c) Goods and that the services the customer receives in an exchanges
d) The physical object the customer receives in an exchange.
e) The idea that the customer receiver in an exchange.
Answer is: A
42). A light bulb can be considered all of the following EXCEPT
a) An business-to-business product
b) A consumer product
c) An industrial product if it is used to light an assembly line in a factory.
d) Either a consumer product or an industrial product
e) A consumer product if it is used to light the office of the board of directors
Answer is: E
43).Among the following which is an example of a convenience consumer product?
a) A motorcycle
b) petrol
c) stereo equipment
d) athletic shoes
e) a bicycle
Answer is: B
44).Sue North called several airlines to compare rates and choose a flight on British Midland
as it had better reputation for service and competitive prices. The airline ticket is an example of
which type of product?
a) specialty
b) shopping
c) unsought
d) convenience
e) None of these
Answer is: B
45). Products that are relatively inexpensive and are purchased frequently with minimal effort
can be classified as ________ products.
a) specialty
b) convenience
c) shopping
d) unsought
e) industrial
Answer is: B
46). Industrial products are_______
a) Frequently purchased for their functional aspects and their psychological rewards.
b) Not purchased by non business organizations.
c) Traditionally classified according to their characteristics and intended uses.
d) Purchased for personal consumption.
e) None of these
Answer is: C
47). Large tools and machines used in a production process for a considerable length of time
are classified as_______.
a) Major equipment
b) Component parts
c) Raw materials
d) Accessory equipment
e) Consumable supplies
Answer is: A
48). Items that are purchased routinely, do not become part of the final physical product, and
are treated like expense items rather than capital goods are called as_______.
a) Components parts
b) Major equipment
c) Accessory equipment
d) Process materials
e) Raw materials
Answer is: C
49).Products that are used directly in the production of a final product but are not easily
identifiable are categorized as__________.
a) Component parts
b) Consumable supplies
c) Accessory products
d) Assembly components
e) Process materials
Answer is: E
50).Which one of the following is NOT an industrial product?
a) Transistors used as components for portable radios
b) Oil to be refined into fuel for homes
c) A marketing consultant who prepares marketing plans for clients
d) Paper, pens, and glue used in bank branch offices
e) Computer software to help people complete personal tax forms
Answer is: E

Important study materials for IBPS-rrb,SBI mains,RBI asst,LIC ado,IDBI manipal etc.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B-Pz8BE3xA5yfmZXQ3FqVmpVTkJGaHhaRUtwWGFSVTZCZXkxZnJXd18wZHlsc2huVzlmUHc

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BIS & Basel Norms

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) established on 17 May 1930,is the world's oldest international financial organisation. The BIS has 60 member central banks, representing countries from around the world that together make up about 95% of world GDP.The head office is in Basel,Switzerland and there are two representative offices: in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's, Republic of China and in Mexico City.

The mission of the BIS is to serve central banks of different of nations in their pursuit of monetary and financial stability, to foster international cooperation in those areas and to act as a bank for central banks.The Basel Committee is the primary global standard ­setter for the prudential regulation of banks and provides a forum for cooperation on banking supervisory matters.

NORMS ISSUED BY BIS

Basel I

In 1988,The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) introduced capital measurement system called Basel capital accord,also called as Basel 1. It focused almost entirely on credit risk. It defined capital and structure of risk weights for banks. The minimum capital requirement was fixed at 8% of risk weighted assets (RWA). RWA means assets with different risk profiles. For example, an asset backed by collateral would carry lesser risks as compared to personal loans, which have no collateral. India adopted Basel 1 guidelines in 1999.The Basel I Accord, issued in 1988, has succeeded in raising the total level of equity capital in the system.Like many regulations, it also pushed unintended consequences; because it does not differentiate risks very well, it perversely encouraged risk seeking. It also promoted the loan securitization that led to the unwinding in the subprime market.

Basel II

In June 1999, the Committee issued a proposal for a new capital adequacy framework to replace the 1988 Accord. This led to the release of the Revised Capital Framework in June 2004. Generally known as‟Basel II”, the revised framework comprised three pillars, namely minimum capital, supervisor review and market

discipline.

Minimum capital is the technical, quantitative heart of the accord.Banks must hold capital against 8% of their assets, after adjusting their assets for risk.Supervisor review is the process whereby national regulators ensure their home country banks are following the rules. If minimum capital is the rule book, the second pillar is the referee system.Market discipline is based on enhanced disclosure of risk. This may be an important pillar due to the complexity of Basel. Under Basel II, banks may use their own internal models (and gain lower capital requirements) but the price of this is transparency.

Basel  III

Even before Lehman Brothers collapsed in September 2008, the need for a fundamental strengthening of the Basel II framework had become apparent.The banking sector had entered the financial crisis with too much leverage and inadequate liquidity buffers.Responding to these risk factors, the Basel Committee issued Principles for sound liquidity risk management and supervision in the same month that Lehman Brothers failed. In July 2009, the Committee issued a further package of documents to strengthen the Basel II capital framework, notably with regard to the treatment of certain complex securitisation positions, off ­balance sheet vehicles and trading book exposures. In September 2010, the Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision announced higher global minimum capital standards for commercial banks. This followed an agreement reached in July regarding the overall design of the capital and liquidity reform package, now referred to as“Basel III”.

INDIA AND BASEL NORMS:

• Presently indian banking system folllows basel II norms.
• The Reserve Bank of India has extended the timeline for full implementation of the Basel III capital regulations by a year to march 31,2019.March 31, 2019.
• Around 10 public sector banks (PSBs) will get a total capital infusion of Rs 12,517 crore from the government before this financial year ends.
• Government of India is scaling disinvesting their holdings in PSBs to 52 per cent.

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